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The theoretical curves for the normalized elastic and post-elastic horizontal stiffness versus P/Pcr based on the first model and Eq. The kinematic equations relating the total lateral displacement, ub, and vertical deformation, ubz, to the internal deformations, s, θ and v (assuming small rotation θ) are:
in which ubz is positive in compression and δbz is the additional vertical displacement that occurs in the laterally-deformed configuration (see Fig. (